How can we read the graph information after certificate in Pynauty?#30

Cross-posted on [how-can-we-interpret-the-graph-information-after-certificate-in-pynauty](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/76299214/how-can-we-interpret-the-graph-information-after-certificate-in-pynauty) This may not be a software issue, but I'm writing my confusion here. In Pynauty, the function `certificate` can compute a certificate based on the canonical labeling of vertices. It returns the certificate as a byte string. - [certificate][2] ``` g=Graph(number_of_vertices=19, directed=False, adjacency_dict = { 0: [1, 7, 11, 14, 17, 18], 1: [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 7: [8, 9, 10], 11: [12, 13], 14: [15, 16], 12: [13], 13: [17], 17: [18], 18: [8], 8: [9], 9: [10], 10: [15], 15: [16], 16: [2], 2: [3], 3: [4], 4: [5], 5: [6], 6: [12], }, vertex_coloring = [ ], ) g1=certificate(g) ``` I will see this: ``` b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80\x01 \x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80\x02 \x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80\x00\xc0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 \x04\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 \x08\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 \x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 \x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 \x00\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00@"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00@\t\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x94\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00@$\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00A\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x000\x10\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00@\x80@\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00H\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00@\x00\xe0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xa0\xd2\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00@\x00\x1f' ``` I belive that these bytes represent a graph that is not human-readable. Is the certificate returned in another form of input graph? I don't know if this process is reversible. Because g1 is in the form of bytes, I can't see the graph it represents, or, in other words, the information about the graph represented by g1 from its result. (Its vertex labels have likely been relabeled based on the canonical labeling). If it is possible to convert them into the **graph6 format** for storage, it would indeed be a good choice. This format allows for compatibility with various other tools, such as **showg**, which can read and manipulate graphs in graph6 format. [1]: https://github.com/pdobsan/pynauty [2]: https://github.com/pdobsan/pynauty/blob/main/src/pynauty/graph.py